Photo by Robert W. Freckmann

Key Characteristics

Biennial forb (50 cm) of sandy open woodlands; numerous lanceolate, entire, hairless leaves clasp the stem; basal leaves deeply pinnately lobed; fruit sickle-shaped, spreading.

Status and Rank

• State Status: SC - Special Concern (rare or uncertain; not legally protected)
• State Rank: S2 - Imperiled
• Global Rank:

Occurrences

County Name	Number of Occurrences	Year Last Observed
Allegan	3	2005
Barry	1	1985
Berrien	1	1981
Cass	2	1950
Clinton	1	1890
Ionia	1	1890
Kalamazoo	5	1947
Kent	2	1898
Lake	2	2004
Macomb	1	1914
Monroe	2	1958
Muskegon	1	1950
Oakland	2	1916
St. Joseph	2	1950
Wayne	1	1990

Information is summarized from MNFI's database of rare species and community occurrences. Data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed.

Natural Community Types

• Lakeplain wet prairie
• Dry-mesic southern forest
• Oak barrens

Associated Plants

Sassafras, sumac, white oak, white pine, rockrose, little bluestem, big bluestem, sedge (Carex muhlenbergii), poverty grass, June grass, and pinweed.

Management

Requires maintenance of hydrology and natural disturbance processes. It may also require prescribed fire to maintain openings and colonization areas.

General Survey Guidelines

Random meander search covers areas that appear likely to have rare taxa, based on habitat and the judgment of the investigator.

Survey Methods

• Meander search

  Survey Period: From first week of May to fourth week of July

  Survey Comments: Both flowers and fruit needed

References

Survey References

• Elzinga, C.L., D.W. Salzer, and J.W. Willoughby. 1998. Measuring and Monitoring Plant Populations. The Nature Conservancy and Bureau of Land Management, Denver. BLM Technical Reference 1730-1. 477pp.

• Goff, G.F., G.A. Dawson, and J.J. Rochow. 1982. Site examination for Threatened and Endangered plant species. Environmental Management 6(4): 307-316

• Nelson, J.R. 1984. Rare Plant Field Survey Guidelines. In: J.P. Smith and R. York. Inventory of rare and endangered vascular plants of California. 3rd Ed. California Native Plant Society, Berkeley. 174pp.

• Nelson, J.R. 1986. Rare Plant Surveys: Techniques For Impact Assessment. Natural Areas Journal 5(3):18-30.

• Nelson, J.R. 1987. Rare Plant Surveys: Techniques for Impact Assessment. In: Conservation and management of rare and endangered plants. Ed. T.S. Elias. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento. 8pp.

Technical References

• Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Second edition. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. 910pp.

• Gray, A. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany; eighth ed. Van Nostrand Reinghold, New York. 1632pp.

• Holmgren, N.H. 1998. Illustrated Companion to Gleason and Cronquist's Manual. Illustrations of the vascular plants of Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. 937pp.

• Voss, E. G. 1985. Michigan Flora. Part II. Dicots (Saururaceae-Cornaceae). Bulletin of the Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium. 724pp.

Page Citation

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